Mga ka-#PeopleChanger,
Paano mo sasagutin ang mga katanungan na ito na mula sa ating ka-PeopleChanger na mula sa Bulacan. Ang #BucketofBakets nya ay:

1. Baket ilang beses mo na akong pinagtatabuyan pero bakit di pa din kita nilulubayan?

2. Baket lagi mong sinasabing di ka sigurado sakin. Bakit? kelan ka ba naging sigurado dati?

3. Bakit takot ka sa nararamdaman mo? Masama ba maging totoo sa sarili mo?

4. Baket “I will always love you, no more bakits. I hope you feel the same way too”

Pakitulungan naman po.
#LiveLifeLoveLife
#BucketofBakets

 The situation:
Both of them are male bisexual
Pa-fall si student, na na-fall naman si barista
Naging close dahil sa isang school organization.
Charming si student leader while mukang kind naman si barista
Classic storry ito ng more than a friend but less than a lover.
Typical story ng somewhat platonic relationship
Medyo malapit sa dare na “bawal ma fall”

Mr. Barista want to know certain whys towards Mr. Student Leader:

1. Baket after all happy moments with him and all the secrets being opened just for him, why he keeps me hanging?
2. Baket parang ang bilis nya mag-give-up knowing na wala pa naman kaming nasisimulan? Ihahashtag ko dito si #rootcause
3. Baket mo pina-feel mo sa akin na when we are together automatically I let my guard down and show you my real me, my real colors? And now parang ang-UNFAIR?

The message of a marketing campaign should be persuading and influential in nature in order to deliver your objectives and create a hub where the target audience will engage to your campaign.

According to Liana Barcia of DEVEX in her article 4 great development advocacy campaigns, she said, “While some funds are of course necessary, good campaigns need not be expensive and are more about the hard work, creative thinking and energy you put into them. A strong advocacy campaign has well-researched and clear objectives and a detailed strategy and plan for reaching them. Organizing one requires a creative and multidisciplinary team and selection of the right channels. While traditional print and television remain popular, digital technology and social media have given rise to an alternative communication channel that is cheaper, more dynamic and even more powerful (source).” Her inputs on advocacy campaign is commendable and has given me greater insights and captured my interest in this topic.

1. Know Your Audience

A good marketing campaign should capture the soul and heart of its target audience and may influence others to be captivated by the message of an ads.

Macala Wright, a digital marketing strategist, suggests nonprofits with limited budgets take advantage of free resources to learn about online audiences. For instance, Google Analytics can tell you what country visitors to your website are from, where on your site they’re going and what devices (mobile, desktop, tablet) they’re using. “That’s information any organization can use to make informed decisions on how they’re messaging,” Wright said. (source)

2. Create Powerful Message

Simple, brief and concise message will help the audience to see directly your message than to read thousand of letters in an ads or campaign. Use powerful word directed to your audience. Once you hit their subconcious it will drive them crazy to reflect, agree, see your point or help them to realize something because you have given them pandoras box in your message.

Nowadays, #fakenews is epedemic! Creating marketing campaign should be science based, evidence-based, well-researched and relatable.

Josephus B. Cayabyab

Misleading heading can ruin the campaign and the organization working on that specific advocacy. Emphasize the need of your campaign, express your advocacy in a way that will hit their interest rather than impress them with your portfolios.

3. Use Your Theme

From font size and style to its colors are important elements, colors and its hues will draw attention, and inserting pictures or caricatures have power to immortalize your campaign.

A picture that can tell a thousand stories is an indicator of excellent campagin.

Josephus B. Cayabyab

4. Use Technology

In this generation, the 4th industrial revolution is all about technology where the combination of research and innovation have transformed to something great to reach the masses for consumption. A successful campaign should be consumed with ease by your target market through the help of technology. A campaign may be spread through different platforms at a lesser costs such Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube and many more.

5. An Advocacy Campaign should be
S. M. A. R. T.

Simple
Measurable
Achievable or Attainable
Realistic and Relevant
Time-bound

Define a Specific Outcome

Each objective must define a specific outcome. The goal should contain enough detail so that the people involved understand what results are expected. Generalities only create confusion and lead to poor results. Just having an objective to “get more business” is not helpful to anyone.

Defined Measurable Results
An objective without a defined measurable result is like playing football and not keeping the score. Numbers are essential for keeping track of your progress toward a goal and defining the expected outcome. It is impossible to know if an objective has been reached unless it can be measured.

Goals Must be Achievable
One way to assure certain failure is to set goals that no one believes can be reached in a realistic time period. Objectives are achieved by taking well-defined, measurable small steps on the path to the goal.

People must agree that the goals are attainable, and that they have the tools and skills needed to reach the objectives. The sales staff has agreed that increasing sales by 4 percent in the next six months is realistic and achievable.

Goals Must be Realistic
Goals must be formed in the context of current economic conditions and realities of the business climate. It would be unrealistic to set a goal of increasing sales by 25 percent when a recession is looming on the horizon, and when three new competitors just opened up down the street.

Deadlines to meet a Timely Goal
Experience shows that goals are not reached if there is no deadline specified. Efforts toward achieving a goal will meander, if a time expiration does not exist.

Thanks to the author
James Woodruff
James has been writing business and finance related topics for work.chron, bizfluent.com, smallbusiness.chron.com and e-commerce websites since 2007.
The author also cited 3 references and 1 resources:
References (3)
University of North Carolina Wilmington: Writing SMART Learning Objectives
Alma College: Setting “SMART” Goals and Brainstorming an Action Plan
University of Wisconsin: SMART Goals
Resources (1)
Entrepreneur: How to Create a Marketing Plan
(Source)

6. Palatable to the Eyes

The marketing campaign should be eye-catchy. Yes, it should be palatable to the eyes. In making a campaign poster the eyes digest the message first before the content. Deciding to what picture or medium of interest to paste in your campaign matters a lot. It is like being attracted to a good-looking guys or gals first and learning about their character comes after and not the other way around, right?

7. Know your Grassroot (Grassroot Marketing)

Grassroots marketing, sometimes known as guerilla marketing, starts from the ground up. Instead of launching a message you hope will appeal to many people, you target your efforts to a small group and hope the group will spread your message to a much larger audience. Grassroots marketing often uses unconventional or nontraditional methods. Grassroots marketing often costs less than more conventional marketing efforts, but can produce big results.

Target people or groups you identify as influential, then count on them to use their influence to spread the word about your product or idea. (Source).

The source also cited:

• Northwest Missouri University: Grassroots Marketing for Leaders; 2011
• “Web Marketing for the Music Business”; Tom Huchison; 2008, pp. 37-38

The defining idea behind grassroots marketing is one of audience and intent. Whereas some campaigns aim to reach as many people as possible (think a brand awareness campaign on the Display network, for example), grassroots marketing is the principle of purposefully targeting a highly niche group of people in an attempt to persuade that group to then propagate your message organically.

Grassroots marketing relies heavily on social media and virality to succeed. Since the idea behind this kind of campaign is to encourage people to share a story, it follows that social media is pivotal in making this happen. (Source)

More tips at https://fitsmallbusiness.com/grassroots-marketing/

8. Start a Storytelling Campaign

According to Adrienne Irizarry, Principal Owner, Leviosa Communication that “One of my most successful campaigns was a storytelling campaign. We chose several success stories with our product and told the story of how they use it and how by using it they were successful. We ran it as a series of short stories on our website and through social media — one a week featuring a different person or business — and it was wildly successful. People trust people so, in a way, it was a mini influencer campaign, long before influencer marketing really became a buzzword in the marketing world. The person featured shared it, that person’s family shared it and the ripple effect was remarkable. Our return was triple what we had projected.” (Source)

9. Ethical Response to an Issue

The advocacy campaign was not meant to destroy directly a certain entity but rather discourage bad habits (ex. anti-smoking drive) , make a call to end a certain issues (ex. domestic violence), imply for an action (ex. corruption), deliver message of change because of unfair practices (ex. discrimination and gender equality issues) and create an awakening ideas (ex. HIV-AIDS stigma, the downside of miing).

Although it is sometimes very challenging to convey an advocacy campaign without offending certain groups. If the advocacy campaign’s objective is to act against powerful forces such as norms, culture, heritage, politics, religion, influential people/group and history. A friction might arise in ascending rate and may create division. When touch these topics, sometimes we can only influence the tip of the ice berg which is just 1% of what we see. Therefore, strategy will bring huge help to achieve the goals. To evaluate the success of campaign is to check wether majority understand the message. If the campaign fails it does not mean that a certain cause or advocacy let say your group is campaigning to fight fake news, misinformation and disinformation but the public still believe of what they think is right (perception-based) and not what is legitimate. This may be because the opinion-maker of the information is influential and powerful in nature and they are part of spreading these fake stories as part of their propaganda. Here are the list of fake news site according to Wikipedia Philippine Star and Rappler. According to Preen.ph a certain known personality spread fake news that might influence its five million followers to think what she share is legit news (source).

More of related topic here:
Statistics & Facts about Fake News, Perceived frequency of online news websites reporting fake news stories in the United States as of March 2018, I have falsely believed a news story was real until I found out it was fake, Where Exposure To Fake News Is Highest, Over 65s ‘more likely’ to share fake news on Facebook

The desire to create meaningful place to live, implementing goodness and fairly to one another and ethically sustainable issues may be hard to find most especially in religion, politics, business world and sometimes in journalism/news. The good news is universal truth always prevail in an advocacy campaign, and when I say universal truth it should be priciple-based (ex. universal gravitational pull), science-based (ex. depression is not just feelings but a mental illness), and well-researched (ex. Generation-Z respond to edgy campaigns)

10. Details of your Organization, Institution, Brand, or Group

Ofcourse you do not want to be labeled bogus or anti-social or central processor of destabilization, so, never ever forget to pin the profile of your group you are representing. Your brand will always make sense and its details will add legitimacy for your purpose such as name of the group/organization, valid email address (sometimes it looks legit if the email represent the company or organization you are part of ex. marketing_campaign@yourorganization.org.ph), contact details etc.

I have cited some of the BEST advocacy campaign available on different website, check them out below.

https://www.devex.com offers one of the BEST site I’ve seen for an advocacy campaign, follow this link.

HATS OFF TO ONE OF THE BEST ADVOCACY COMMERCIALS

References:

Do you want to contribute in this article? Feel free to message the author.
Have a nice day!

References:

YLAI. (2017, May 12). 5 tips for building a successful advocacy campaign | YLAI Network. (2017, May 12). Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ylai.state.gov/tips-for-building-successful-advocacy-campaign/

Barcia, L. (2015, November 30). 4 great development advocacy campaigns. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.devex.com/news/4-great-development-advocacy-campaigns-87380

Myers, Cynthia. “Definition of Grassroots Marketing.” Small Business – Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/definition-grassroots-marketing-23210.html. Accessed 13 February 2019.

Woodruff, Jim. “Example of a Smart Objective for a Marketing Plan.” Small Business – Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/example-smart-objective-marketing-plan-11290.html. 05 February 2019.

Dizon, A. (2018, June 20). 25 Creative Grassroots Marketing Ideas & Examples 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2019, from https://fitsmallbusiness.com/grassroots-marketing/

(Recipes are modified for classroom setting)

Rum-based Drinks

CUBA LIBRE
Sometimes simple just works. At least it does when a double shot of rum, some cola, and a dash of lime are involved.

Cuba Libre

GLASS: Highball Glass/Collins Glass (or any tall glass)
GARNISH: Slice of Lime/Lemon (half wheel)
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml White Rum (Bacardi)
Fill Coke (Regular)

MOJITO
The Cuba Libre may have the actual name of Cuba in it, but the Mojito is the island nation’s most popular contribution to cocktail culture. The simple mix of white rum, lime juice, cane sugar, and soda is fresh and tropical without being cloying.

Mojito

GLASS: Highball Glass/Collins Glass/ Granite Glass (or any tall glass)
GARNISH: Mint
TECHNIQUE: Muddling
INGREDIENT:
30 ml White Rum (Bacardi)
Fresh Lemon/Lime Sliced Half-wheel (fruit to muddle)
3 Sprigs of Mint
15 ml. Sugar Syrup
Soda Water (if you want to make your Mojito sweeter, use Sprite instead)
30 ml. Lime Juice

Muddle mint sprigs with sugar and lemon juice.
Add rum and fill with soda water
Top with lime juice.
Garnish with mint leaves (sprig of mint leaves) & lemon sliced.

DAIQUIRI
The Daiquiri is often abused with fruit and blenders, but a true Daiquiri made with white rum, lime juice, and simple syrup is a clean and refreshing drink for any occasion.

Daiquiri

GLASS : Champagne Saucer/ Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Sliced Lime/Lemon
TECHNIQUE: Shake
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. White Rum (Bacardi)
30 ml. Lime Juice
15 ml. Sugar Syrup

Bacardi

GLASS: Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Sliced Lime/Lemon
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. White Rum (Bacardi)
30 ml. Lime Juice
15 ml. Grenadine Syrup

Frozen Daiquiri

GLASS: Water Goblet Glass/Goblet
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Blend
INGREDIENT:
60 ml. White Rum (Bacardi)
30 ml. Lime Juice
15 ml. Sugar Syrup
2 Scoops of Vanila Ice Cream

Blend all ingredients into blender (except ice cream) with crushed ice.
Add one scoop of ice cream. Blend until smooth and pour into chilled goblet.
Top with scoop of ice cream.

Pina Colada

GLASS: Poco Grande Glass
GARNISH: Pineapple Wedge and Maraschino Cherry
TECHNIQUE: Shake
INGREDIENT: 30 ml.
White Rum
45 ml. Coconut Cream
Fill Pineapple Juice

Prepare crushed ice and put it in poco grande glass
Shake rum and coconut cream, pour in poco grande glass.
Fill pineapple juice. Garnish

Another option: Use blend method. Put all the ingredient in the blender with crushed ice. Served. Garnished.

Gin-based Drinks

TOM COLLINS
Thirsty? You and Tom Collins belong together. The original Tom Collins made with gin, lemon, and soda water is the adult lemonade you’ve been looking for.

Tom Collins

GLASS: Collins Glass (Tall Drinks)
GARNISH: Lemon/Lime Sliced and Maraschino Cherry
TECHNIQUE: Build and Stir
INGREDIENT:
Old Tom Gin (Gin’s Brand Name)
30 ml. Gin
30 ml. Lime Juice or Fresh Lemon Juice
15 ml. Sugar Syrup
Fill Soda Water
Dash of Angostura bitter

To create “John Collins” Just use any brand of gin
John Collins and Tom Collins are just the same

GIN FIZZ
Plain Jane gin doesn’t work with the Gin Fizz, but a delicious craft gin can make the drink shine. The simple drink is a mix of gin, lemon, sugar, egg, and soda.

Gin Fizz

GLASS: Collins Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Gin
30 ml. Fresh Lemon Juice
15 ml. Sugar Syrup
15 ml. Egg white (this can be an optional)
Soda Water

Add all ingredient except for soda water.
Dry shake (without ice) for 10 seconds.
Add cubes of ice then shake it again.
Strained using fined bar strainer into chilled glass.
Pour club soda

GIMLET
One sip of a Gimlet and it’s apparent why the classic cocktail is a favorite. Think of a proper Daiquiri, just with gin.

Gimlet

GLASS: Champagne Saucer (or Martini Glass/Cocktail Glass)
GARNISH: Lemon/Lime Sliced (or wheel)
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Gin
30 ml. Lime Juice
15 ml. Sugar Syrup

Note: Old Fashioned glass is a substitution

DRY MARTINI
A well-made dry Martini is elegance personified. The classic mix of gin and dry vermouth

Dry Martini

GLASS: Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Olive
TECHNIQUE: Stir
INGREDIENT:
60 ml. Gin
15 ml. Dry Vermouth
Squeeze oil from lemon peel onto the drink

Pour all ingredient into mixing glass with ice cube.
Stir and strain. Squeeze oil from lemon peel onto the drink.

Perfect Martini

GLASS: Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Lemon Peel with Maraschino Cherry
TECHNIQUE: Stir
INGREDIENT :
60 ml. Gin
15 ml. Dry Vermouth
15 ml. Red Vermouth

Pour all ingredient into mixing glass with ice cube.
Stir and strain. Garnish.

Sweet Martini

GLASS: Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Maraschino Cherry
TECHNIQUE: Stir
INGREDIENT :
60 ml. Gin
15 ml. Red Vermouth

Pour all ingredient into mixing glass with ice cube.
Stir and strain. Garnish.
Note:
If served “ON THE ROCKS” Pour ingredients and a block of ice into old fashioned glass. Garnish.

Bronx

GLASS: Martini Glass/Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Gin
15 ml. Sweet Red Vermouth
15 ml. Dry Vermouth
30 ml. Orange Juice

Tequila-based Drinks

MARGARITA
Are you even a bartender if you don’t know how to make a Margarita? Tequila’s favorite vessel is one of the most well-known and craved cocktails in America.

Margarita

GLASS: Margarita Glass
GARNISH: Rimmed with salt (may add half wheeled lime)
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT: 30 ml. Tequila
30 ml. Cointreau (if not available, use Tripple Sec)
30 ml. Lime Juice

Tequila Sunrise

GLASS: Highball Glass/Collins Glass
GARNISH: Orange Slice and Maraschino Cherry
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Tequila
Orange Juice (to fill)
Top with 15 ml. Grenadine Syrup to create chromatic effect. Do not stir.

Vodka-based Drinks

WHITE RUSSIAN
The Dude would be proud. The White Russian is a creamy milk, vodka, and coffee liqueur drink that by no means is designed for all drinking occasions, but does have a time and a place.

White Russian

GLASS: Old Fashioned Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
60 ml. Kahlua
Cream Milk (to fill)

Black Russian

GLASS: Old Fashioned Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
60 ml. Kahlua

COSMOPOLITAN
Made iconic in “Sex and the City,” the Cosmo is filled with vodka, triple sec, cranberry juice, and lime juice. It’s the liquid soul of the early aughts and New York City, and it refuses to go away.

Cosmopolitan

GLASS: Large Cocktail Glass or Martini Glass
GARNISH: Lemon Slice
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
30 ml. Lemon/Lime Juice
15 ml. Cointreau (if not available use triple sec)
30 ml. Cranberry Juice

BLOODY MARY
Brunch and breakfast will never let the Bloody Mary die. What else besides a house mix of tomato juice, vodka, and spices could make drinking in the early sunlight hours acceptable?

Bloody Mary

GLASS: Collins Glass/Highball Glass
GARNISH: Celery Stalk (and Lemon Wedge)
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
Tomato Juice (to fill)
15 ml. Lemon Juice
Dash Worcestershire Sauce
Dash Tabasco
Dash of Salt and Pepper

Add: Dash worcestershire sauce, dash Tabasco, dash of salt and pepper into highball glass. Pour all ingredients. Stir and garnish.

Screwdriver

GLASS: Highball Glass
GARNISH: Orange Slice
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
45 ml. Vodka
Orange Juice (to fill)

Kamikaze

GLASS: Martini Glass/ Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Lemon Twist
TECHNIQUE: Shaken
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
30 ml. Cointreau
30 ml. Lemon Juice (freshly squeezed)

God Mother

GLASS: Old Fashioned Gass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Vodka
30 ml. Amaretto

Whiskey-based Drinks

GOD FATHER
More of a Scotch-forward mixed drink than a cocktail, the Godfather is an easy equal parts Scotch whisky and amaretto. It made the World’s 50 Best Selling Classic list for the first time this year.

This 1970s-era drink, named for the popular film The Godfather, is often made with equal parts, but this version from Whiskey: A Spirited Story with 75 Classic & Original Cocktails dials down the sweetness.

God Father

GLASS: Rock Glass (or Old Fashioned Glass as substitution)
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Stirred
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Bourbon/Whiskey/Scotch
15 ml. Amaretto

ROB ROY
The Rob Roy is the Scotch version of the classic Manhattan. It was invented at the Waldorf hotel in New York in 1894, and calls for a blended Scotch rather than rye whiskey.

That simple cocktail likely came to be because of Waldorf Astoria’s original location on Fifth Avenue in the lower 30s from 1893 to 1929, conveniently perched smack within the Great White Way, the original well-lit section of the city devoted to the stage arts.

It was here, according to Caiafa, also the author of “The Waldorf Astoria Bar Book,” that a Herald Square Theatre production of an operetta named “Rob Roy” by the composer Reginald De Koven inspired the birth of a drink. It’s a tidy origin story, no doubt. And though it lacks the often-cited exclamations of fuzzy impossible-to-pin characters in drinking lore, it’s a fairly plausible scenario. (Source)

Rob Roy

GLASS: Coupe or Cocktail Glass
GARNISH: Lemon Peel
TECHNIQUE: Stirred
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Blended Scotch
30 ml. Sweet Vermouth
1 dash of Orange Bitters or Angostura Bitter

More than One (1) Spirits

LONG ISLAND ICED TEA
It’s not for the faint of heart, and features rum, gin, vodka, tequila, and triple sec mixed into cola and citrus.

On paper, the Long Island Iced Tea is one hot mess of a drink. Four different—and disparate—spirits slugging it out in a single glass, along with triple sec, lemon juice and cola? The recipe reads more like a frat house hazing than one of the world’s most popular cocktails. And yet, somehow, it works.

That’s because the Long Island Iced Tea succeeds where so many of today’s refined cocktails fall short: It’s boozy AF—more than four ounces of alcohol against less than half that amount in mixers. Unless you’re a sailor on shore leave, that’s a red-flag ratio rife with morning-after consequences. It’s also precisely what a person needs every now and then. (Source)

Long Island Iced Tea

GLASS: Collins Glass (or any Tall Glasses as substitution)
GARNISH: Lemon Wedge     
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
15 ml. Gin
15 ml. White Rum
15 ml. Silver Tequila
15 ml. Vodka
15 ml. Triple Sec
15 m. Sugar Syrup
15 ml. Fresh Lemon Juice (substitution is Lime Juice)
Cola, to top

Add all the ingredients except the cola into a Collins glass with ice.
Top with a splash of the cola and stir briefly.
Garnish with a lemon wedge.

MAI TAI
Nothing represents the tiki movement quite like the Mai Tai. It’s hard to resist the lifeline to the tropics that is the Mai Tai — kitsch be damned.

Mai Tai

GLASS: Collins GLass or Highball Glass or Double Old Fashioned Glass
GARNISH: Lime Wheel, Mint Sprig
TECHNIQUE: 
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. White Rum
15 ml. Orange Curacao
15 ml. Fresh Lime Juice
15 ml. Orgeat (Almond Syrup)
15 ml. Dark Rum

Add the White rum, curaçao, juice and orgeat into a shaker with crushed ice and shake lightly (about 3 seconds).
Pour into a double Old Fashioned glass, then float the Dark rum.
Garnish with a lime wheel and mint sprig. (Source)

CAIPIRINHA

Caipirinha

GLASS: Old Fashioned Glass
GARNISH: Fresh Lime cut into wedges/ Garnish with a lime wheel.
TECHNIQUE: Muddling/Muddle
INGREDIENT:
45 ml. Cachaca
1 Fresh Lime cut into wedges
15 gm. Sugar

In a double Old Fashioned glass, muddle the sugar and lime.
Fill with ice, add the cachaça, and stir briefly.

Note: Caipiroska-instead of Cachaca use Vodka

Others…

B52 (Build Method)

GLASS: Old Fashioned Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Build
INGREDIENT:
30 ml. Kahlua
30 ml. Bailey’s Irish Cream
30 ml. Grand Marnier

Layered B52

GLASS: Double Shot Glass/Shooter Glass
GARNISH: None
TECHNIQUE: Layering and Flaming Method
INGREDIENT : 1
5 ml. Kahlua
15 ml. Bailey’s Irish Cream
15 ml. Grand Marnier

Layer the ingredient accordingly (Kahlua first, then Bailey’s, and lastly, Grand Marnier).
Use bar spoon with Grand Marnier to transfer flame into the shot glass.

References:

Hines, N. (2017, November 09). The 50 Most Popular Cocktails in the World in 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://vinepair.com/articles/50-most-popular-cocktails-world-2017/

Zavatto, A. (2018, October 09). The Rob Roy: You’re Doing It Wrong. Retrieved February 24, 2019, from https://www.liquor.com/articles/how-to-make-rob-roy-cocktail/#gs.pNq0ac4g

Dietsch, M. (2016, June 30). The Godfather: A Whiskey Drink You Can’t Refuse. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from https://www.liquor.com/recipes/godfather/#gs.JOLc3WUa

Liquor.com. (2017, March 15). Classics You Should Know: The Long Island Iced Tea. Retrieved February 24, 2019, from https://www.liquor.com/recipes/long-island-iced-tea/#gs.bSsflL42

Liquor.com Staff. (2018, May 02). How to Make the Mai Tai. Retrieved February 24, 2019, from https://www.liquor.com/recipes/maitai/#gs.EfNmX4Aa

The fact is Canadians understand that immigration, that people fleeing for their lives, that people wanting to build a better life for themselves and their kids is what created Canada, it’s what created North America.

Justin Trudeau
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/justin_trudeau_857592?src=t_north_america

North America is the third largest of the seven continents. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. North America is dominated by its three largest countries: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Central America and the Caribbean are usually considered part of North America

North America History

Anthropologists believe that North America’s initial inhabitants arrived around 40,000 years ago by traversing theBering Strait. Some experts feel that by using primitive boats, early man also migrated down the Pacific coast to South America; that debate continues.

There is scientific evidence connecting indigenous Americans to Asian peoples, specifically from the easternSiberian populations. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to North Asian populations by linguistic dialects and blood types.

After the last glacial period ended some 12,500 years back, a wide variety of prehistoric cultures developed across the continent, north to south. The development of stone tools was one of the factors instrumental in that successful expansion.

Long before the Europeans arrived, small groups developed throughout the Americas. Across the Great Plains hunter-gatherers existed on wild plants and animals, but they were eventually replaced by more sophisticated bands that farmed the land, raised some animals and improved their hunting skills.

At about the time of Christ, the brown-skinned Arawak People migrated from Venezuela to the Lesser Antilles. Small groups settled on many islands in the southeastern Caribbean, eventually reaching the Greater Antilles, creating their largest settlements on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica

In the far-southern reaches of the continent important cultural advances were made by the Maya civilization. They developed written language, as well as far-reaching advances in art, architecture, astronomical systems and mathematics. From the years 250 to 900, they were at the pinnacle of their power.

In North America, sophisticated pre-Columbian cultures continued to develop. Across regions of what is now the United States, social organization were building mound complexes, with some supporting sizable communities year-round.

Native American societies continued to spread; the Inuit and the Aleut lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the Arcticregions while large groups inhabited the Subarctic parts of Alaska and western Canada. From the Northeast to the Southeast, and from the Plains to the Southwest, the expansion continued unabated.

As large groups gained additional knowledge, they began to farm some familiar crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they developed farming techniques for one of the planet’s major foods, maize (corn).

The Vikings were seafaring north Germanic people who raided, traded, explored, and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia, and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. Using sturdy wooden longships they traveled as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland. Leif Erikson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland, Canada – circa 1000 AD

In the 13th century, central Mexico was the center of the Aztec civilization. The Mayan culture was fading and the Aztec Empire now stretched across most of Mesoamerica, from Mexico to Belize, Guatemala,El Salvador, Honduras,Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

In 1492, after proposing a voyage of discovery to the then mostly-imagined New World, Christopher Columbus left Spain on an epic journey, financed by Isabella I and Ferdinand II, Queen and King of Spain. Within a few months he reached land in the Bahamas, and North America would change forever.

After Columbus made his initial voyage to this New World, word of its potential riches spread across Europe and explorers and settlers by the thousands would eventually step ashore along the Atlantic Ocean coastline of North America.

John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to eastern Canada in 1524, and Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River.

In 1500, the Spanish made their move to colonize parts of the New World. The city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the Venezuela island of Cubaqua. In 1510 they established Santa María la Antigua del Darien near the border of Colombia and Panama: these were the first European settlements in the Americas.

The first mainland Spanish explorations were a series of inland expeditions that led to the conquest of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama to find gold, but instead led the first European expedition to the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the New World.

Balboa then claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown. Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors came ashore at present day Veracruz, Mexico on April 22, 1519, and it marked the beginning of 300 years of dominate Spanish influence over most of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean.

In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay in what is now the US State of Florida. With 600 soldiers in tow, his goal was to find gold for the Spanish Crown. At that same time natives on the continent lived without fear as they were ignorant of the outside world. Soon their innocence disappeared, as Europeans began to stake their claims, frequently in brutal ways.

As a result of European exploration the Native American population declined substantially, primarily due to the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity, as well as from violent conflicts where they were no match for European fire power.

Not to be outdone, Britain and France (as well as Spain) were beginning to establish extensive territories in the northern reaches of the continent. Even lesser-powers like the Netherlands and Sweden laid claim to smaller parts.

The first French settlements were established at Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec, Canada. In 1607, the first successful English settlement was built at Jamestown, Virgina,followed by the Plymouth, Massachusetts colony in 1620.

Near the end of the 17th century the colonialism of North America was at full speed, and inevitable disagreements and greed were the genesis for a series of regional wars, and some of the European territories changed hands multiple times. In fact, the Caribbean island of Tobago changed hands 33 times.

In the middle of the 18th century, independence movements were on the front-burner across the continent. An American Revolution was brewing within the English colonies, Spain’s hold on Mexico was weakening and slave revolts were common in the Caribbean.

By the end of the century, a handful of independence movements came to fruition across the North America continent. The 13 original British Colonies declared independence in 1776, and after the American Revolutionary War ended in 1783, they became the United States of America. Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories once controlled by Britain and France.

The new country of America’s 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France almost doubled its size overnight. This massive transfer of land included all of present-day Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa;most of Colorado, South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, as well as significant parts of North Dakota, Minnesota,Texas and Louisiana.

New Spain, a territory that stretched from the southwestern modern-day U.S. through Central America declared independence in 1810, becoming the First Mexican Empire. Guatemala, then part of that Mexican Empire, became the first independent state in Central America.

For many reasons, including the possibility of America’s interest in annexingCanada, the War of 1812 began when the United States declared war on the British. The 32-month military conflict (fought on many fronts) resulted in no territorial change between the British Empire and the USA, but a resolution of many issues which remained from the American War of Independence.

With space too limited here to detail, we highlight a series of important land agreements and compromises that occurred in North America through the end of the 19th century. They include: The Republic of Texas formed as an independent sovereign nation in 1836; the Rebellions of 1837 in Lower and Upper Canada; the creation of the Mexican Empire, with the support of Napoleon III of France in 1864, and the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Arguably, the two most devastating events on the North America continent were the American Civil War (from 1861 to 1865), a conflict that led to the end of slavery in the United States, but it brought destruction to most of the South, and a tremendous loss of life. It was followed by the United States government fighting numerous Indian Wars against the Native Americans for land acquisition; tens of thousands died as a result.

Following the Civil War, America’s intervention into Latin America and elsewhere expanded. The 1867 Alaska Purchase was the acquisition of what is now the US State of Alaska from the Russian Empire. During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the US seized several colonies from Spain including Cuba and Puerto Rico.

In 1914, the Panama Canal opened. the 48-mile (77.1 km) ship canal in Panama connecting the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean enabled ships to avoid the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America.

At the end of World War I (fought from 1914 to 1918 in Europe) the early 20th century brought an age of great prosperity to the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the Stock Market Crash of 1929 was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, and that crash affected all Western industrialized countries and did not end in the United States until the onset of American mobilization for World War II in 1941.

In Mexico, from 1936 to 1949, there was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic government. In the Caribbean, many islands witnessed the beginnings of decolonization, while on the island of Cuba, the Cuban Revolution introduced the Soviet Union (now Russia) into Latin America.

World War II was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world’s nations—including all of the great powers, including Canada and the US. The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs, and the United States emerged as a “superpower.”

Mexico also experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the “El Milagro Mexicano” (Mexican miracle). In 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua banded together to find a common economic bond.

In 1962, Guatemala, and Trinidad and Tobago became politically independent. This event ushered in a period of formal decolonization of the English-speaking Caribbean. Since 1962, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were joined by Antigua, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent.

The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexicoand Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed violent change especially in the area of race relations. In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism.

During this time the United States became involved in the Vietnam War. That war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society, and American troops were withdrawn. Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure, Canada had a new constitution.

Major changes continued into the 21st century: Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in the 1980s, the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement was reached in January 1989, and on January 1, 1994, Canada,Mexico and the United States of America signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, creating the world’s largest free trade area.

Those major economic events were followed by the 9/11 attacks on the United States, and the subsequent war in Afghanistan – participated in by Canada and the US. In 2006, the violent drug war spread from Central America to Canada, and that human tragedy reached a deadly peak in Mexico in the last few years. In 2008, a financial crisis that began the United States eventually triggered a worldwide recession, an economic slowdown that has now wained some.

Surviving powerful earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, contentious immigration issues and isolated terrorism attacks, the twenty-three countries and the dozens of possessions and territories within North America have found ways to (for the most part) co-exist in peace, and to economically benefit by working together. Today the diverse and massive continent of North America present a bright potential future for all of its people, and for that matter, much of the modern world.

North America Geography Notes

Two of North America’s most interesting geographical features are the Great Plains and the Mississippi River System; both impressive in so many ways.

Great Plains: The Great Plains of North America slope east from the Rockies and extend to the edge of the Canadian Shield and the western edges of the Appalachians. The land is generally smooth with large treeless areas and shallow river valleys. Minor hills and mountains are found in the Ozark Plateau of Missouri, and in the Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains of northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. Sandhills and buttes cover parts of the north central U.S. in Nebraska.

Mississippi River System: It is the major river of North America and the United States at (2,339 miles) (3,765 km) in length. It flows from northwestern Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico, just below the city of New Orleans. It is a significant transportation artery and when combined with its major tributaries (the Missouri and Ohio rivers) it becomes the third largest river system in the world at (3,877 miles) (6,236 km) in length.

North America Geography Facts

• Percent of Earth’s Land: 16.5%
• Highest Point: Mt McKinley in Alaska, 20,322ft (6,194m) (see map)
• Lowest Point: Death Valley in California, -282 ft (-86m) below sea level (see map)
• Geographic Center: The United States Geographical Survey states that the geographic center of North America is “6 miles west of Balta, Pierce County, North Dakota” at approximately 48° 10´ N 100° 10´ W. (see map)
• Horizontal Width: From San Francisco, California, east to New York City, NY: 2,582 miles (4,156 km) (see map)
• Vertical Length: From Barrow, Alaska, directly southeast to Panama City, Panama: 5,347 miles (8,605 km) (see map)

Note: Lengths and widths are point-to-point, straight-line measurements and will vary some using other map projections.

Note: For additional geography details please use the yellow navigation bar at the top of this page.

North America Information

Links to North America information that are updated daily.

• North America famous native sons and daughters
• North America facts and figures, capital cities and currency
• North America country flags
• North America land statistics, highest and lowest points
• North America landforms, lakes, mountains and rivers
• North America latitude, longitude and relative locations
• North America links to major attractions and points of interest
• North America maps, outline, political and topographical
• North America symbols, coat of arms and flags
• North America time zones and current times
• North America timeline of events and history
• North America travel information, airfares, cruises and train travel
• North America weather forecasts and current conditions

Alphabetical List of Capital Cities in North America

Country	Capital city
A
Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John’s
B
Bahamas	Nassau
Barbados	Bridgetown
Belize	Belmopan
C
Canada	Ottawa
Costa Rica	San Jose
Cuba	Havana
D
Dominica	Roseau
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo

E
El Salvador	San Salvador
G
Grenada	Saint George’s
Guatemala	Guatemala City
H
Haiti	Port-au-Prince
Honduras	Tegucigalpa

J
Jamaica	Kingston
M
Mexico	Mexico City
N
Nicaragua	Managua
P
Panama	Panama City
S
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre
Saint Lucia	Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown
T
Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain
U
United States of America	Washington, D.C.

List of dependent territories in North America

• A: Anguilla (UK), Aruba (Netherlands)
• B: Bermuda (UK), Bonaire (Netherlands), British Virgin Islands (UK)
• C: Cayman Islands (UK), Clipperton Island (France), Curacao (Netherlands)
• G: Greenland (Denmark), Guadeloupe (France)
• M: Martinique (France), Montserrat (UK)
• N: Navassa Island (USA)
• P: Puerto Rico (USA)
• S: Saba (Netherlands), Saint Barthelemy (France), Saint Martin (France), Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France), Sint Eustatius (Netherlands), Sint Maarten (Netherlands)
• T: Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)
• U: US Virgin Islands (USA)

Did You Know?

The name America is derived from that of the Italian merchant and navigator Amerigo Vespucci, one of the earliest European explorers to visit the New World. Although at first the term America was applied only to the southern half of the continent, the designation soon was applied to the entire landmass. Those portions that widened out north of the Isthmus of Panama became known as North America, and those that broadened to the south became known as South America. According to some authorities, North America begins not at the Isthmus of Panama but at the narrows of Tehuantepec, with the intervening region called Central America. Under such a definition, part of Mexico must be included in Central America, although that country lies mainly in North America proper. To overcome this anomaly, the whole of Mexico, together with Central and South American countries, also may be grouped under the name Latin America, with the United States and Canada being referred to as Anglo-America. This cultural division is a very real one, yet Mexico and Central America (including the Caribbean) are bound to the rest of North America by strong ties of physical geography. Greenland also is culturally divided from, but physically close to, North America. Some geographers characterize the area roughly from the southern border of the United States to the northern border of Colombia as Middle America, which differs from Central America because it includes Mexico. Some definitions of Middle America also include the West Indies.

North America contains some of the oldest rocks on Earth. Its geologic structure is built around a stable platform of Precambrian rock called the Canadian (Laurentian) Shield. To the southeast of the shield rose the ancient Appalachian Mountains; and to the west rose the younger and considerably taller Cordilleras, which occupy nearly one-third of the continent’s land area. In between these two mountain belts are the generally flat regions of the Great Plains in the west and the Central Lowlands in the east.

North America’s first inhabitants are believed to have been ancient Asiatic peoples who migrated from Siberia to North America sometime during the last glacial advance, known as the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, the most recent major division of the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). The descendants of these peoples, the various Native Americanand Eskimo (Inuit) groups, largely have been supplanted by peoples from the Old World. People of European ancestry constitute the largest group, followed by those of African and of Asian ancestry; in addition there is a large group of Latin Americans, who are of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

This article treats the physical and human geography of North America. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see the articles Canada, Mexico, and United States of America. See also coverage of North American regions under the titles West Indies and the individual countries of Central America. For discussion of major cities of the continent, see specific articles by name—e.g., Mexico City, New York City, and Toronto. For discussion of the indigenous peoples of the continent, seethe articles Native American and pre-Columbian civilizations. The principal treatment of North American historical and cultural development is contained in the articles mentioned above and in the article Latin America, history of. For further discussion of arts and literature, see the articles American literature, Native American arts, Canadian literature, and Latin American literature.

• 

References:

Kroulek, A. (2018, June 11). Which Countries Have the Most English Speakers? Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.k-international.com/blog/countries-with-the-most-english-speakers/

Staff, S. I. (2017, December 18). Which country has the best English proficiency in the world? Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.studyinternational.com/news/english-first-best-english-proficiency-netherlands/

http://www.countries-ofthe-world.com. “List of Countries in North America.” List of Countries in Africa in Alphabetical Order, http://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/countries-of-north-america.html.

“North America Geography.” Ducksters Educational Site, Technological Solutions, Inc., http://www.ducksters.com/geography/northamerica.php.

“North America History.” World Atlas, Worldatlas, 19 Sept. 2016, http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/na.htm.

Schaetzl, Randall J., et al. “North America.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 6 Feb. 2018, http://www.britannica.com/place/North-America.

http://www.countries-ofthe-world.com. (n.d.). List of North American capitals. Retrieved January 13, 2019, from https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/capitals-of-north-america.html

“Baket pag tinatanung kita kung nasaan ka lagi mo na lang sinasabi na ‘nasa earth’?” 
“Eh nasa earth naman kasi ako!”

Hi mga Ka-People Changer,
For this session usapang “knowledge is power” muna tayo ah.

Earth is the only planet where living things cometogether and enjoy different chemical elements and compounds for survival and interaction.This blue planet continues to surprise humankind because of its wonderful resources,natural phenomena and ability to respond to what humans have given to her thatmakes earth the most amazing place in the universe.  
According to National Geographic, geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time. 
The term “geography” comes to us from the ancient Greeks, who needed a word to describe the writings and maps that were helping them make sense of the world in which they lived. In Greek, geo means “earth” and –graphymeans “to write.”  Using geography, Greeks developed an understanding of where their homeland was located in relation to other places, what their own and other places were like, and how people and environments were distributed. These concerns have been central to geography ever since.

The Britannica cited their definition and their explanation:

Geography, the study of the diverse environments, places, and spaces of Earth’s surface and their interactions. It seeks to answer the questions of why things are as they are, where they are. The modern academic discipline of geography is rooted in ancient practice, concerned with the characteristics of places, in particular their natural environments and peoples, as well as the relations between the two. Its separate identity was first formulated and named some 2,000 years ago by the Greeks, whose geo and graphein were combined to mean “earth writing” or “earth description.” However, what is now understood as geography was elaborated before then, in the Arab world and elsewhere. Ptolemy, author of one of the discipline’s first books, Guide to Geography (2nd century CE), defined geography as “a representation in pictures of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein.” This expresses what many still consider geography’s essence—a description of the world using maps (and now also pictures, as in the kind of “popular geographies” exemplified by National Geographic Magazine)—but, as more was learned about the world, less could be mapped, and words were added to the pictures.

To most people, geography means knowing where places are and what they are like. Discussion of an area’s geography usually refers to its topography—its relief and drainage patterns and predominant vegetation, along with climate and weather patterns—together with human responses to that environment, as in agricultural, industrial, and other land uses and in settlement and urbanization patterns.

Although there was a much earlier teaching of what is now called geography, the academic discipline is largely a 20th-century creation, forming a bridge between the natural and social sciences. The history of geography is the history of thinking about the concepts of environments, places, and spaces. Its content covers an understanding of the physical reality we occupy and our transformations of environments into places that we find more comfortable to inhabit (although many such modifications often have negative long-term impacts). Geography provides insights into major contemporary issues, such as globalization and environmental change, as well as a detailed appreciation of local differences; changes in disciplinary interests and practices reflect those issues.

The World Atlas website define geography as:
A captivating subject, geography is a scientific field that is devoted to the study of the Earth’s landforms, oceans, environment and ecosystems, as well as the interactions between the human society and their environment. The word geography literally means “earth writing”. Geography has been elucidated by various sources time and again. Here is a general definition of geography:

“Geography is the study of the Earth’s physical features and environment including the impact of human activity on these factors and vice versa. The subject also encompasses the study of patterns of human population distribution, land use, resource availability, and industries.”

Scholars who study geography are known as geographers. These people engage themselves in the exciting task of exploring and studying the Earth’s natural environment and human society. Although map-makers were known as geographers in the ancient world, today, they are more specifically known as cartographers. Geographers usually focus on two major fields of geographical studies: physical geography or human geography.

History of Geography

The term geography was coined by the ancient Greeks who not only created detailed maps and accounts of places around them but also illuminated why and how human and natural patterns varied from one place to another on Earth. Through the passage of time, the rich legacy of geography made a momentous journey to the bright Islamic minds. The Islamic Golden Age witnessed astounding advancements in the geographical sciences. Islamic geographers were credited with groundbreaking discoveries. New lands were explored and the world’s first grid-based mapping system was developed. The Chinese civilization also contributed instrumentally towards the development of early geography. The compass, a traveling aid, devised by the Chinese, was used by the Chinese explorers to explore the unknown.

A new historical chapter of geography opened during the “Age of Discovery”, a period coinciding with the European Renaissance. A fresh interest in geography was regenerated in the European world. Marco Polo, the Venetian merchant traveler, spearheaded this new Age of Exploration. Commercial interests in establishing trade contacts with the rich civilizations of Asia like China and India became the primary reason for traveling during this period. Europeans moved ahead in all directions, discovering new lands, unique cultures, and natural wonders in the process. They also began to colonize new lands towards the latter half of the Age of Exploration. The tremendous potential of geography to shape the future of human civilization was recognized and in the 18th Century, geography was introduced as a discipline of study at the university level. Based on geographical knowledge, the human society discovered new ways and means to overcome the challenges posed by nature and human civilizations flourished in all parts of the world. In the 20th century, aerial photography, satellite technology, computerized systems, and sophisticated software radically changed the definition of geography and made the study of geography more comprehensive and detailed.

The Branches of Geography

Geography can be regarded as an interdisciplinary science. The subject encompasses an interdisciplinary perspective that allows the observation and analysis of anything distributed in Earth space and the development of solutions to problems based on such analysis. The discipline of geography can be divided into several branches of study. The primary classification of geography divides the approach to the subject into the two broad categories of physical geography and human geography.

Physical Geography

Physical geography is defined as the branch of geography that encompasses the study of the natural features and phenomena (or processes) on the Earth.

Physical geography may be further subdivided into various branches:

• Geomorphology: This involves the study of the topographic and bathymetric features on Earth. The science helps to elucidate various aspects related to the landforms on the Earth such as their history and dynamics. Geomorphology also attempts to predict the future changes in the Earth’s physical features.
• Glaciology: This field of physical geography deals with the study of the inter-dynamics of glaciers and their effects on the planet’s environment. Thus, glaciology involves the study of the cryosphere including the alpine glaciers and the continental glaciers. Glacial geology, snow hydrology, etc., are some of the sub-fields of glaciological studies.
• Oceanography: Since oceans hold 96.5% of the Earth’s waters, a special field of oceanography needs to be dedicated to the study of oceans. The science of oceanography includes geological oceanography (study of the geological aspects of the ocean floor, its mountains, volcanoes, etc.), biological oceanography (study of the marine life and ocean ecosystems), chemical oceanography (study of the chemical composition of the marine waters and their effects on marine life forms), physical oceanography (study of the oceanic movements like the waves, currents, etc.)
• Hydrology: This is another vital aspect of physical geography. Hydrology deals with the study of the properties of the Earth’s water resources and the movement dynamics of water in relation to land. The field encompasses the study of the rivers, lakes, glaciers, and underground aquifers on the planet. It studies the continuous movement of water from one source to another on, above, and below the Earth’s surface, in the form of the hydrological cycle.
• Pedology: A branch of soil science, pedology involves the study of the different soil types in their natural environment on the surface of the Earth. This field of study helps gather information and knowledge on the process of soil formation (pedogenesis), soil constitution, soil texture, classification, etc.
• Biogeography: An indispensable field of physical geography, biogeography is the study of how species on Earth are dispersed in geographic space. It also deals with the distribution of species over geological time periods. Each geographical area has its own unique ecosystem and biogeography explores and explains such ecosystems in relation to physical geographical features. Different branches of biogeography exist like zoogeography (geographic distribution of animals), phytogeography (geographic distribution of plants), insular biogeography (the study of factors influencing isolated ecosystems), etc.
• Paleogeography: This branch of physical geography examines the geographical features at various time points in the Earth’s geological history. It helps the geographers to attain knowledge about the continental positions and plate tectonics determined by studying paleomagnetism and fossil records.
• Climatology: The scientific study of climate, climatology is a crucial field of geographical studies in today’s world. It examines all aspects related to the micro or local climates of places and also the macro or global climate. It also involves an examination of the impact of human society on climate and vice versa.
• Meteorology: This field of physical geography is concerned with the study of the weather patterns of a place and the atmospheric processes and phenomena that influence the weather.
• Environmental geography: Also known as integrative geography, this field of physical geography explores the interactions between humans (individuals or society) and their natural environment from the spatial point of view. Environmental geography is thus the bridging gap between human geography and physical geography and can be treated as an amalgamation of multiple fields of physical geography and human geography.
• Coastal geography: Coastal geography is another area of specialization of physical geography that also involves a study of human geography. It deals with the study of the dynamic interface between the coastal land and the sea. The physical processes that shape the coastal landscape and the influence of the sea in triggering landscape modifications is incorporated in the study of coastal geography. The study also involves an understanding of the ways the human inhabitants of coastal areas influence the coastal landforms and ecosystems.
• Quaternary science: This is a highly specialized field of physical geography that deals with the study of the Quaternary period on Earth (the Earth’s geographical history encompassing the last 2.6 million years). It allows the geographers to learn about the environmental changes undergone in the planet’s recent past. This knowledge is then used as a tool to predict future changes in the Earth’s environment.
• Geomatics: Geomatics is a technical branch of physical geography that involves the collection of data related to the earth’s surface, analysis of the data, its interpretation, and storage. Geodesy, remote sensing, and geographical information science are the three sub-divisions of geomatics.
• Landscape ecology: The science of landscape ecology deals with the study of how the varying landscapes on Earth influences the ecological processes and ecosystems on the planet. The German geographer Carl Troll is credited as the founder of this field of physical geography.

Human Geography

Human geography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of how the human society is influenced by the Earth’s surface and environment and how, in turn, anthropological activities impact the planet. Human geography is centered on the study of the planet’s most evolved creatures: the humans and their environment.

This branch of geography can be further subdivided into various disciplines based on the focus of study:

• Population geography: A division of human geography, population geography deals with the study of how the nature of a place determines the distribution, growth, composition, and migration of human populations.
• Historical geography: Historical geography elucidates the ways in which geographical phenomena change and evolve with time. Though it is treated as a sub-field of human geography, it also focuses on certain aspects of physical geography. Historical geography attempts to understand why, how and when a place or region on Earth changes and the impact such changes have on the human society.
• Cultural geography: Cultural geography explores how and why cultural products and norms vary with space and place. It thus deals with the study of the spatial variations of human cultures including religion, language, livelihood choices, politics, etc. Religion geography, language geography, etc., are some of the subfields of cultural geography.
• Economic geography: A vital aspect of human geography, economic geography encompasses the study of how human economic activities are located, distributed and organized in geographical place and space. Marketing and transportation geography can be treated as sub-fields of economic geography.
• Political geography: This important field of human geography deals with the political boundaries of the countries of the world and the division of land and its resources between the countries. It also deals with how spatial structures influence political functions and vice versa. Military geography, electoral geography, geopolitics are some of the subfields of political geography.
• Health geography: A sub-discipline of human geography, health geography concentrates on the influence of the geographical location and place on the health and well-being of humans. It tends to approach the subject of human health from a comprehensive perspective encompassing the influence of society and space on health and disease.
• Developmental geography: This branch of human geography explores the quality of life and the standard of living of the human inhabitants of the world and attempts to understand how and why such standards vary with place and space.
• Settlement geography: Settlement geography attempts to explore the part of the Earth’s surface that encompasses human settlements. It is a study of the urban and rural settlements, the economic structure, infrastructure, etc., and the dynamics of human settlement patterns in relation to space and time.
• Animal geography: Animal geography might be considered as a sub-field of human geography which is closely related to the environmental geography branch of physical geography. It encompasses the study of the lifeworlds of the animals on Earth and the interdependencies between humans and other animals.

Top 10 Reasons to Study Geography

The Canadian Geographic Education cited 10 reasons why study geography. 

1. To understand basic physical systems that affect everyday life (e.g. earth-sun relationships, water cycles, wind and ocean currents).
2. To learn the location of places and the physical and cultural characteristics of those places in order to function more effectively in our increasingly interdependent world.
3. To understand the geography of past times and how geography has played important roles in the evolution of people, their ideas, places and environments.
4. To develop a mental map of your community, province or territory, country and the world so that you can understand the “where” of places and events.
5. To explain how the processes of human and physical systems have arranged and sometimes changed the surface of the Earth.
6. To understand the spatial organization of society and see order in what often appears to be random scattering of people and places.
7. To recognize spatial distributions at all scales — local and worldwide — in order to understand the complex connectivity of people and places.
8. To be able to make sensible judgements about matters involving relationships between the physical environment and society.
9. To appreciate Earth as the homeland of humankind and provide insight for wise management decisions about how the planet’s resources should be used.
10. To understand global interdependence and to become a better global citizen.

Barb Bailey, the Director of Learning at LearningPlunge, Inc. answers why GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT. Here is here insight:

Create Awareness of Place

Studying geography creates an awareness of place. Just like our founding fathers identified, understanding geography instills an identity of the American place. Shouldn’t everyone know what states neighbor their own? How and where to find the 9/11 Memorials? Where important cities are like Miami, Dallas, Chicago, New York, Boston, or Seattle? The names of the countries that border us? The importance of Washington, DC?

More importantly, understanding geography helps us make sense of current and historical events, whether of economic, political, or social importance. We become better critical thinkers knowing this information. Geography pervades just about every aspect of our lives!

Develop Non-Fiction Reading Skills

Studying geography develops non-fiction reading skills. Geography uses complex visual representations such as maps, pictures, charts, and graphs that must be interpreted depending on the purpose. Students of geography must use higher order thinking skills to analyze and synthesize information. Studying geography also naturally develops a working knowledge of how to read and process non-fiction text features since those features are woven throughout all aspects of the content. Finally, studying geography builds important vocabulary and background knowledge about our country and world too. If you want to build non-fiction reading skills, geography is a great resource.

Develop Spatial Awareness

Studying geography develops better spatial awareness. It is important to learn map sense and globe-reading skills yet these activities are virtually gone from education today. Could your students point north if you asked them? Could they look at a map and identify the location of our continents and oceans without the help of technology? Would your students know how to find their way home or to the next state without a GPS? By studying geography and mapping skills, we foster the development of spatial awareness and also create the link to understanding the effectiveness of key spatial geographic systems such as GPS. How will we improve on these technologies without another generation of students who understand how our world is structured?

Create a Global Community

Studying geography creates a global citizen. Those who know geography better understand the interdependence of our world and how we are connected through location, place, movement, region, and human-environment interactions. Think about it. As we develop our understanding of the important themes of geography, we also help build awareness for cultural diversity–how and why people live the way they do. Students need to understand this information in our global society.

Geography was and is still very important. And even though it may not be a part of your testing cycle, there are so many valuable reasons why integrating geography into your classroom is important.

References:
National Geographic Society. (2012, October 09). Geography. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geography/#fdoor-test

Johnston, R. (2018, April 19). Geography. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/science/geography#accordion-article-history

Nag, O. S. (2016, June 21). What Is Geography? Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.worldatlas.com/geography.html

Canadian Geographic Education. (2018). Top 10 Reasons toStudy Geography. ? RetrievedNovember 25, 2018, from http://www.cangeoeducation.ca/resources/why_geography/top10.asp

Bailey, B. (n.d. September 07). WHY IS GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT? Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.learningplunge.org/2017/09/07/why-is-geography-important/

How these Generation Z student leaders work with each other despite of differences? Interesting right? Here is my very first interview (Vlog) with these adorable future leaders.

As part of my “SideTrip” I was able to learn part of the GEN Z’s views and work styles, it seems that the available research is validating my interview with them ahmmmm it makes me think now. I am presenting to you the two (2) slices of pizza 🙂 I hope you learn something from this video.

Y meets the Z: Who they are in ” Leadership Compass” part 1

 

Quick Info-graphic Facts

Thanks for this info graphic, more of this Generation Z info-graphics available in this link.

In my previous study in which 118 GenZ participated shows that the “South” direction (empathy) encompasses a huge chunks of leadership work-styles habit at 28.2% and surprisingly this was validated by the emerging generation–the “Gen Z”. They are the “most informed, evolved, and empathetic generation of its kind.” This was followed by the “West” direction (analytical) at 27.3%. Based on the conversation with the HRM Society officers it is safe to assume that they may be “self-aware, self-directed, and self-secure.” Furthermore,  I am surprise with the result of my survey because there are available studies that support my work on why they have chosen empathy as their direction in general. Click here for more information.

Well while doing this activity I have noticed that these GenZ love to be involved. Click here for more information.

 

Y meets the Z: Who they are in ” Leadership Compass” part 2

 

 

The activity inspired me to be more engaging with these iGen or Generation Z, as millennial I thought there is no (or has only small) gap between their generation to my generation but when I dig deeper to their character I have  noticed that this generation is promising. The “Leadership Compass” activity help us to know our working styles and how we engage to others especially if we are working on the same organization. There is no right or wrong in categorizing your work styles and realized that these “styles” are contradicting or moving to opposite direction. Landing to one or two highest-point styles are expected in this activity. To wrap up, as long as you know how to work with others in harmonious way and you understand how to approach them (in relation to work) there will be no “clash of titans” in your organization. By the way, there is no perfect organization because perfect organization is abnormal… on the other hand, I think it’s cool to work with ABnormal people (Just kidding!)…ABnormal as Awesome Behavior is just normal ooohhhh that’s amazing!

Thank you to Prism Globe, HRAP and HABI Education Lab for the Experience.

Big thanks to Xavier (HRM Society President), Christopher Jonas (HRM Society Executive Consultant), Angelica Joy (HRM Society Representative), and Dave (HRM Society Vice Pres for Internal Affairs). Thanks to John Lester Formento for giving me permission to use part of his video work (time lapse collection) and to Jul for helping me to do the video shoot. Thanks to coach Ness for helping me to make it possible MABUHAY po kayong lahat dyan!

…ooo000OOO PAHABOL OOO000ooo…

Hindi madaling gumawa ng Blog at Vlog, so challenging pero ang happy nya. Sharing with you our BEHIND the SCENE EXPERIENCE.

Leadership Compass Blooper

 

Helpful Links:

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Generation-Z

https://genhq.com/igen-gen-z-generation-z-centennials-info/

https://www.visioncritical.com/generation-z-infographics/

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-beall/8-key-differences-between_b_12814200.html

http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/gen-z-a-generation-that-believes-in-their-individual-ability-to-change-the-world-3541488-Aug2017/

https://medium.designit.com/understanding-generation-z-before-they-are-sitting-next-to-me-4aca97c38477

 

View at Medium.com

View at Medium.com